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- Network Working Group Poorer Richard
- Request for Comments: 1216 Almanac Institute
- Prof. Kynikos
- Miskatonic University
- 1 April 1991
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- Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo proposes a new standard paradigm for the Internet
- Activities Board (IAB) standardization track. Distribution of this
- memo is unlimited.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- The history of computer communication contains many examples of
- efforts to align the capabilities of processors to that of
- communication media. Packet switching is the classic case of a
- careful tradeoff between the costs of memory, processing, and
- communications bandwidth.
-
- With all of the attention and publicity focused on gigabit networks,
- not much notice has been given to small and largely unfunded research
- efforts which are studying innovative approaches for dealing with
- technical issues within the constraints of economic science. This
- memo defines one such paradigm.
-
- 2. Contemporary Network Economics
-
- Recent cost estimates predict a continuing decline in the cost for
- processing, memory, and communication. One recent projection put the
- decline for $/bit and $/MIP at 99% per decade and put the decline for
- $/bps at 90% per decade. Scalable parallel processor designs may
- accelerate the cost declines for CPU and memory, but no similar
- accelerated decline should be expected in the cost of communications.
- Such a decline would imply eventual declines in the cost of 56Kbps
- service used for voice, resulting in a negative rate of return for
- telecommunications carriers, an unlikely eventuality even if free-
- market forces are carried to their logical extreme.
-
- Increases in processing power create additional demand for
- communications bandwidth, but do nothing to pay for it. While we
- will sell no paradigm before its time, the 9% difference,
- particularly after compounding is taken into account, will bankrupt
- the internet community unless a paradigm shift takes place.
-
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- Richard & Kynikos [Page 1]
-
- RFC 1216 Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts April 1991
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- 3. The ULS Paradigm Shift
-
- The ULS paradigm shift breaks the downward spiral by concentrating on
- end-to-end datagrams and virtual circuit services operating in the
- .01 uGbps region, namely Ultra Low Speed networking.
-
- However,
-
- "The worlds best technological paradigm shifts are useless unless
- they (a) are economically viable, (b) have clear applicability, (c)
- are technically feasible."
-
- --Milton John in "Paradigms Lost"
-
- 3.1 Economic Viability
-
- Cost projections indicate that individual ULS circuits can be
- provided at a cost of <$.03/month due to the unusually high
- multiplexing that will be possible on Gbit links. The 10 THz
- bandwidth of existing optical fibers will be able to support on the
- order of 1 TUser, handling population growth, and even internet
- growth, for some time. Moreover, if $.03/month is a significant
- barrier to entry, substantial discounts appear to be economically
- feasible.
-
- 3.2 Clear Applicability
-
- A fundamental principle of networking is that network speed must
- match the application. We have identified a number of critical
- applications that are matched to ULS technology. Below we itemize a
- few of these, but we provide a brief description for only the first;
- the match for the others should be equally obvious.
-
- - Low priority facsimile: A large percentage of documents and letters
- are sent via facsimile not because they need sub-minute delivery,
- but because they carry signatures or graphics. In these cases, a
- three-hour delivery (comparable to the value reliably achieved on
- many of today's packet-based email systems) is sufficient. With
- proper compression, this delivery time can be achieved over a
- ULSnet.
-
- - Real time data (e.g., tracking glaciers)
-
- - US postal service
-
- - Contracting for research
-
- To be truly viable, ULS networking must scale, and indeed it does.
-
-
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- Richard & Kynikos [Page 2]
-
- RFC 1216 Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts April 1991
-
-
- With some effort, we envision extending the technology to the
- extremely-low-speed regime. Applications that scale from the ULS
- applications above are:
-
- - Real time data (e.g., gravity wave detectors)
- - Italian postal service
- - Congressional budget process
-
- 3.3 Technical Feasibility
-
- The hardware issues are well in hand. The remaining issues are
- protocol related. To examine them, we must extrapolate backward from
- some well known networking principles.
-
- "Gigabit networks require new protocols."
-
- The clear inference here is that ULS will require old protocols, so
- as we recede into the future, we should expect the following:
-
- ULS will require minimal development. Although we may need research
- in storage technology to recover the software from old media such as
- decayed magnetic dump tapes, paper tape, and partially recycled card
- decks, this effort will be more than offset by the savings.
-
- ULS protocols will be well documented, amenable to verification, and
- suitable for MSI implementation in Silicon, or even Germanium or
- relays. In particular, the alternating bit protocol [1] is a leading
- contender.
-
- "Bad news travel fast."
-
- Therefore, ULS gives preferential treatment to good news. While this
- will delay the delivery of bills, notices from timeshare
- condominiums, and contest announcements, it will also produce
- immediate productivity gains on several mailing lists.
-
- 3.4 Problems Requiring Work
-
- ULS is not without problems.
-
- Some other well-known protocol suites are well ahead of ULS in
- exploring the desired performance operating point. We note our
- concern about the dearth of domestic (U.S.-based) research and
- development in this important area. This is particularly disturbing
- in light of the level of work now underway in other countries.
-
- Efficiency is a problem:
-
-
-
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- Richard & Kynikos [Page 3]
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- RFC 1216 Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts April 1991
-
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- - All ULS protocols incorporate slow-start.
-
- - Lower data rates mean fewer errors.
-
- - Whereas modern protocols use 32 bit sequence numbers,
- acknowledgment fields, etc., ULS headers can be quite small (1 bit
- sequence numbers for the alternating-bit protocol). Thus the
- header/data ratio shrinks.
-
- The net result is "creeping efficiency" which tends to push us away
- from the proper ULS operating point. While we have no definitive
- solution, there are several promising palliatives:
-
- - Forward Error Insertion (FEI)
-
- - Negative window scaling factors
-
- - New protocol layers
-
- - Multiple presentation layers
-
- 4. Conclusions
-
- The road to Ultra Low Speed (ULS) technology is long, slow, and easy.
-
- REFERENCES and BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
- [1] Lynch, W. "Reliable full-duplex file transmission over half-
- duplex telephone lines", CACM, pp. 407-410, June 1968.
-
- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- Authors' Addresses
-
- Dr. Poorer Richard
- Almanac Institute
- Center against Misoneoism
- Campo Imperatore, Italy
- EMail: none
-
-
- Prof. Kynikos
- Miskatonic University
- Arkham, MA.
- Email: Kynikos@Cthulu.Miskatonic.EDU
-
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- Richard & Kynikos [Page 4]
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